St. Augustine Beach, Florida
currently houses a billboard that states: “Islam Bloody Islam, DOOMED BY ITSDOCTRINE!” This billboard has been met with scrutiny from over 15,000
individuals around the world, all of whom have signed a petition asking for the
county government to remove the billboard. This petition is housed on the
website Care2 and the petitioners have explained that they do not think that
Free Speech covers messages which stem from “hate” and ignorance.” The
billboard has not been removed and a St. Johns County official stated that the
billboard is protected under the First Amendment right of Free Speech.
This
is not the first time that a media campaign of this nature has met public
scrutiny. Pamela Geller is a Jewish American
and the head of the American Freedom Defense Initiative. Ms. Geller has run ad campaigns that are critical of Islam in New York City and in other cities
around the country. She has stated, “Muslims and Islamic apologists are working furiously to bring the oppressive Shariah state of hate to America…Islamic law
commands Islamic Jew-hatred, creed apartheid, gender apartheid, and criminalization of free speech. Everywhere voices of freedom and dignity speak,
these fascists shut them down.” She ran a $100,000 anti-Islam media campaign in
2014 on MTA property. Mayor Bill de Blasio believed that the hateful messages
were wrong and had no place on New York City ad space. However, the local court
deemed these advertisements to be constitutional and the mayor was unable to
ban them since the ads are not covered under defamation law, regardless of the
accuracy of their content. After Ms. Geller’s ads ran on the MTA in 2014, the MTA issued a blanket ban on all viewpoint ads, which would ban all forms of
political speech on MTA subways and buses.
 |
| Geller's advertisements which were placed on New York MTA subways and buses |
This case is similar to Good
News Club v. Milford Central School (2001), which is one of the few cases
we have examined in class that deal with private speech. In 1992, Milford Central School created a
community-use policy for organizations that may want to use its buildings after
school. This became possible when New York State authorized local school boards
to create their own regulations concerning buildings. One of the restrictions
was utilizing the school building for any religious worship or instruction. The
Good News Club felt as though its Free Speech rights were being infringed upon
due to the restrictive nature of the school board’s regulations. Justice Thomas explains in the Court Opinion
that it is important to understand that Milford operates under a limited public
forum, which means that the State does not have to allow individuals to engage
in every type of speech in this forum, which differs from a public or open
forum. According to Rosenberger v. Rector
and Visitors of University of Virginia the State can, “reserve[e] [its forum]
for certain groups or for the discussion of certain topics” (Muñoz, 483).
However, Milford school district violated Good New Club’s free speech rights
because it restricted the club on the basis of its viewpoint, which is not
constitutional according to Cornelius v.
NAACP Legal Defense for Education Fund, Inc. Justice Thomas also explains
that the Supreme Court cannot limit private conduct. For those of you who may
have agreed with the dissent in the case of Good New Club, it is important to
understand that content matters in deciding these cases. The St. Augustine
billboard differs from Good News Club
in two ways; the billboard is not part of government property, unlike the
school and the billboard is part of an open forum. This means that the restrictions
on free speech are even more limited than the restrictions that the Good News
Club faced. Removing the billboard in St. Augustine would clearly be viewpoint
discrimination. The message on the board does not violate any hate speech or
defamation laws and would only be taken down because people disapprove of the
viewpoint that the billboard displays. This is a form of discrimination in
itself and violates the First Amendment rights of the individual who paid for
the advertising space. Thus, even though it is possible to interpret limited
open forum restrictions in different ways, there is no justice who would argue
that it is constitutional to restrict public forum speech on private property
(according to the Nevada Law Journal- private property can be considered a
public forum).
It is very important to understand what classifies hate speech in order
to understand this case and its legal basis. The Washington Post published an
article, “No, there’s no ‘hate speech’ exception to the First Amendment,” which
explains how hate speech is protected by the First Amendment. Therefore, if you
would like “hate speech” to be banned, you must take it up with Congress and
not the Supreme Court. Hateful ideas are protected under the First Amendment
and according to the Washington Post article, “One is as free to condemn Islam-
or Muslims, or Jews, or blacks, or whites, or illegal aliens, or native-born
citizens- as one is to condemn capitalism or Socialism or Democrats or
Republicans.” There are a few types of speech that are not protected by the
First Amendment: obscene speech, pornography and fighting words. Fighting words
are considered face-to-face personal insults that are addressed to a specific
person that will likely incite a fight. The Supreme Court rules that prohibition
of bigoted fighting words is unconstitutional in R.A.V v. City of St. Paul (1992). Threatening to kill someone
because of their identity or inciting others to immediately attack someone
because of their identity is illegal, however not due to hate speech laws but
because it is illegal to make true threats and incite crimes against anyone or
any reason.
If the individual who paid for the St. Augustine billboard is taken to court, I believe that the billboard should be ruled constitutional. There is clear evidence that these types of speech are permissible and have been ruled as such by both local courts and the Supreme Court. Denying this individual advertising space would be viewpoint discrimination and a violation of their Free Speech rights under the First Amendment. Although the billboard shows a marked animosity towards Islam, this speech is not being endorsed by the government and thus does not violate the Establishment Clause according to the Lemon Test. We are all advocates of free speech until it pertains to topics with which we disagree. It is important that we protect individual rights and that we do not try to act on behalf of Congress, nor do we ask that of the Supreme Court. It is not the job of the court to write legislation and currently there are no laws in place, which prohibit this billboard under the Constitution or under any defamation, or libel laws. This billboard may be distasteful, however it is certainly legal.
I agree with Caroline that this billboard does not violate the Establishment clause and that the billboard should be allowed in order to promote free speech. Because the billboard is privately funded and is private speech, there is no real threat to any of the Lemon Test prongs. However, I think it is interesting to note that the billboard's attack to one religion could be seen as promoting all other religions or non-religion over one specific religion. Some could argue that this is an issue since it is negatively impacting a minority religion. Yet, the key is that the government is not the one doing so, but rather a private group, so the message is protected by free speech and not subject to the establishment clause. Additionally, I think it is important to note that if this billboard is protected, all other similar forms of speech much be as well. This implies that if a group sponsored a billboard that spread a negative message about Christianity, this billboard must too be allowed. If private messages against Islam are protected by free speech, then private message against any other religion must also be protected. It does not matter if it is a majority or minority religion being targeted, they still must be treated equally.
ReplyDeleteI do think that the billboards are constitutional. I don't think they pose an Establishment threat as they are paid for privately, and I don't think they pose a violation of free speech issue either. Hate speech is protected free speech as long as it isn't personally threatening. As much as we may all agree that the messages are hurtful, they simply do not make a direct threat to anyone and therefore must be ruled legal. We can't make an exception for these billboards because of their hurtful messages, as much as we may want to. If we make an exception to the limits of free speech for these billboards, that puts into question the true freedom of our speech and opens up a very large slippery slope. If these billboards are found to be illegal, it then stands that free speech can be regulated based on the popularity of the content. It also opens up a slippery slope, as it suggests that offensive or hurtful speech is no longer protected. A billboard representing any other religious viewpoints could also be found to be offensive to the countering faith, and a slippery slope would form as the definition of offensive is not set.
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